Originality Statement

The authors hereby declare that the manuscript submitted to the Journal of Development and Management Sciences (JDMS) is an original work and has not been published previously, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

The authors confirm that all data, findings, and interpretations presented in the manuscript are authentic and have been conducted in accordance with accepted academic and ethical standards. Any sources, quotations, figures, tables, or materials used from other works have been properly cited and acknowledged.

The authors further declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this publication and that all listed authors have made significant contributions to the research and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission and publication.

By submitting the manuscript to JDMS, the authors agree to comply with the journal’s editorial policies, ethical guidelines, and publication standards.